India has been making giant strides in road building, with expressways and new highways revolutionizing the way people move around. But do you know what India's oldest road is? That title belongs to the Grand Trunk Road (GT Road), an old highway that has connected the Indian subcontinent for over 2,500 years.
Not only is it India's oldest road, but it also extends into surrounding nations, linking Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. It was originally built during the Maurya Empire, whereas afterwards it was renovated and improved upon by Sher Shah Suri in the 16th century. Today, it is one of the most significant roads of South Asia, playing a vital role in trade, culture, and history.
The Ancient Origins of the Grand Trunk Road
The origin of the GT Road dates back to the Maurya Empire (322–185 BCE) under the leadership of Chandragupta Maurya. The ancient road, originally known as Uttarapath, was of crucial significance in connecting major cities along the Ganges River with Punjab and Taxila (in modern-day Pakistan).
During the reign of Emperor Ashoka (268–232 BCE), the road was further improved, and milestones, resting houses, and avenues of trees were provided to aid travelers and traders. However, subsequently, the road fell into disuse.
Sher Shah Suri: The Visionary Behind the Grand Trunk Road's Revival
In the 16th century, Sher Shah Suri (1540–1545), the founder of the Sur Empire, reconstructed the ancient Uttarapath and renamed it Sadak-e-Azam (The Great Road). His contribution was revolutionary:
- Paving & Modernization – Sher Shah Suri paved the road, which made it more durable for long-distance travel.
- Caravanserais (Sarais) – He built inns (sarais) at every 20 kilometers for the convenience and security of travelers.
- Kos Minars (Milestones) – These mileposts were used by travelers to gauge distances.
- Horse-Based Postal System – A horse relay system ensured speedy communication in the empire.
The improvements of Sher Shah Suri made GT Road one of the best roads of its time, ensuring efficient transit for traders, armies, and messengers.
The British Era: Expansion and the Birth of the Grand Trunk Road
When the British colonizers gained control of India, they extended the GT Road into their transportation network. The British graded and extended the road, further improving connectivity between the major cities of Kolkata, Delhi, Amritsar, and Lahore.
They formally named it "The Grand Trunk Road", solidifying its history. The road functioned as an important enabler of trade, administration, and military campaigns throughout British India.
A Road That Connects India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan
The GT Road is approximately 3,655 kilometers (2,271 miles) long, passing through four countries:
- Bangladesh – Starts in Teknaf, passing through Chittagong and Dhaka.
- India – Passes through Kolkata, Kanpur, Agra, Aligarh, Delhi, Amritsar, and Chandigarh.
- Pakistan – Passes through Lahore, Rawalpindi, and Peshawar.
- Afghanistan – Ends in Kabul, historically linking South Asia to Central Asia.
Today, while there are sections of the road along which there is open movement, border crossing is prohibited due to political tensions and national security concerns.
GT Road in the Modern Era
Though it has a very ancient background, the Grand Trunk Road continues to be significant today. Sections of it have been incorporated into India's National Highway system
- In India, it is a part of National Highway 19 (NH-19) and NH-44, connecting Delhi to Kolkata.
- In Pakistan, it is a crucial section of the National Highway 5 (N5).
- In Bangladesh and Afghanistan, it remains a crucial ancient and trade route.
Though modern-day highways have taken dominance, GT Road continues to be a lifeline for millions, allowing trade, tourism, and border relations.
Cultural and Economic Importance of GT Road
Grand Trunk Road has shaped commerce, culture, and history for centuries:
1. An Important Trade Route
GT Road enabled the movement of spices, textiles, and valuable minerals, propelling the medieval and ancient South Asian economies.
2. Cultural Exchange and Empires
The road witnessed the passage of Mughals, Mauryas, British, and modern travelers, resulting in a shared South Asian heritage.
3. Military Significance
From Alexander the Great to Mughal armies, GT Road has been tactically significant for conquests and defense.
GT Road: A Road That Has Withstood the Tests of Time
From its Mauryan origins to Sher Shah Suri’s reforms and British expansions, GT Road has remained one of the most important roads in South Asia. It has survived the rise and fall of empires, partition, and modernization, yet continues to be a symbol of connectivity and shared history.
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Conclusion
The Grand Trunk Road is more than just an ancient trade route; it is a living testament to South Asia’s rich history, cultural fusion, and economic growth. Whether you’re a history enthusiast, traveler, or researcher, GT Road’s story is an unforgettable journey through time.
What are your thoughts about India's oldest road? Have you ever traveled on any part of the GT Road? Do share your experiences in the comments!